For Instructors: Why This Book?
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction
PART ONE THE SIX STEPS
Chapter 1 Step 1: Develop a Good Research Question
Start With a Research Topic
Recraft Your Research Question
Questions Based on the Literature
Start Your Research Proposal
A Proposal in Brief: The Concept Paper
Chapter 2 Step 2: Choose a Logical Structure for Your Research
2. Systematic Description
Ten Logical Structures for Research
3. Ex Post Facto Research
4. Correlational Research
Matching Logical Structure to the Research Question
Chapter 3 Step 3: Identify the Type of Data You Need
1. Acts, Behavior, or Events
2. Reports of Acts, Behavior, or Events
7. Shallow Opinions and Attitudes
8. Deeply Held Opinions and Attitudes
12. Personal and Psychological Traits
13. Experience as It Presents Itself to Consciousness
14. Hidden Social Patterns
Chapter 4 Step 4: Pick a Data Collection Method
Match Your Method to Your Data
Data Type 1: Acts, Behavior, or Events
Data Type 2: Reports of Acts, Behavior, or Events
Data Types 3, 4, and 5: Economic, Organizational, and Demographic Data
Data Type 6: Self-Identity
Data Types 7 and 8: Shallow and Deeply Held Opinions and Attitudes
Data Type 9: Personal Feelings
Three Examples (that include data types 10-12)
Example 1: Mass Transit and Property Values
Example 2: Mass Transit and Street Life
Example 3: Best Places to Work
Data Type 13: Experience as It Presents Itself to Consciousness
Implementing Ethical Practices
Institutional Review Boards
Chapter 5 Step 5: Choose Your Data Collection Site
Demographic and Economic Data
Opinions, Identities, and Reports of Acts at a Shallow Level
Sample Size, Margin of Error, and Confidence Level
Deeply Held Opinions and Attitudes
Cultural and Expert Knowledge
Chapter 6 Step 6: Pick a Data Analysis Method
What Kind of Analysis Does Your Research Question Require?
What Form Does Your Data Take?
What Is Your Unit of Observation? What Is Your Unit of Analysis?
Working With Numeric Data: Describing
Working With Numeric Data: Comparing
Ordinal and Categorical Data
What Statistical Test Should I Use?
Working With Qualitative Data
Respondent-Centered Versus Researcher-Centered Analysis
Internal Versus External Coding
Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Software
Summarizing the Six Steps
PART TWO COLLECTING AND ANALYZING DIFFERENT TYPES OF DATA
Chapter 7 Comparing: Economic, Demographic, and Organizational Data
Comparing San Antonio and Portland
Comparing the 50 U.S. States
Comparing Places: Do Walkable Neighborhoods Improve Health?
Comparing Organizations: Does Treating Employees Well Increase Company Performance?
Comparing Schools: Do Charter Schools Improve Student Test Scores?
Chapter 8 Surveying: Shallow Opinions, Identities, and Reports of Acts
Kids’ Attitudes Toward Reading
Analyzing Interval/Ratio Survey Results
Analyzing Ordinal and Categorical Data
Creating Your Questionnaire
Chapter 9 Interviewing: Deep Talk to Gather Several Types of Data
How to Write an Interview Protocol
Critical Incident Interviews
Phenomenological Interviews
Chapter 10 Scales: Looking for Underlying Traits
Scales of Psychological Well-Being
T-Tests and Analysis of Variance
Chapter 11 Recording Behavior: Acts and Reports of Acts
A Variation: The Beeper Studies
Ravens and Elephant-Shrews
Experiments About Stereotype Threat
Experiments About Discrimination
Chapter 12 Finding Hidden Social Patterns: In Life, Texts, and Popular Culture
Critical Discourse Analysis
Analyzing Popular Culture: The Soaps
Chapter 13 Ethnography: Exploring Cultural and Social Scenes
Goal One: Seeing the World as the Participants See It
Goal Two: Watching What Participants Do
Goal Three: Understanding Hidden Patterns
Steps to a Successful Ethnography
Being an Observed Observer
A Word About Grounded Theory
Chapter 14 Extended Example: Counting the Homeless
What Caused the Homeless Crisis?
How Can We Find and Count Street Homeless?
Peter Rossi’s Chicago Count
Martha Burt’s Weeklong Method
Correcting National Figures
Research Guides and Handouts
Six-Steps Graphic: From Research Question to Data Analysis
How to Choose a Data Collection Method
A Template for Field Notes
How to Write an Interview Protocol
How Many Subjects? (for interview studies)
Interview Rule-of-Thumb Flowchart for Nonrandom Samples
What Statistical Tests Should I Use?
Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index