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Statistics for the Health Sciences
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Statistics for the Health Sciences
A Non-Mathematical Introduction



April 2012 | 584 pages | SAGE Publications Ltd
This is a highly accessible textbook on understanding statistics for the health sciences, both conceptually and via SPSS. The authors give clear explanations of the concepts underlying statistical analyzes and descriptions of how these analyzes are applied in health sciences research without complex statistical formulae. The book takes students from the basics of research design, hypothesis testing, and descriptive statistical techniques through to more advanced inferential statistical tests that health sciences students are likely to encounter. Exercises and tips throughout the book allow students to practice using SPSS. 


 
PART ONE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PROCESS
 
Overview
 
The Research Process
 
Concepts and Variables
 
Levels of Measurement
 
Hypothesis Testing
 
Evidence-Based Practice
 
Research Designs
 
Multiple-Choice Questions
 
PART TWO: COMPUTER-ASSISTED ANALYSIS
 
Overview
 
Overview of the Three Statistical Packages
 
Introduction to SPSS
 
Setting out Your Variables for within - and between-Group Designs
 
Introduction to R
 
Introduction to SAS
 
Summary
 
Exercises
 
PART THREE: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
 
Overview
 
Anaylsing Data
 
Descriptive Statistics
 
Numerical Descriptive Statistics
 
Choosing a Measure of Central Tendency
 
Measures of Variation or Dispersion
 
Deviations from the Mean
 
Numerical Descriptives in SPSS
 
Graphical Statistics
 
Bar Charts
 
Line Graphs
 
Incorporating Variability into Graphs
 
Generating Graphs with Standard Deviations in SPSS
 
Graphs Showing Dispersion - Frequency Histogram
 
Box-Plots
 
Summary
 
SPSS Exercise
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART FOUR: THE BASIS OF STATISTICAL TESTING
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Samples and Populations
 
Distributions
 
Statistical Significance
 
Criticisms of NHST
 
Generating Confidence Intervals in SPSS
 
Summary
 
SPSS Exercise
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART FIVE: EPIDEMIOLOGY
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Estimating the Prevalence of Disease
 
Difficulties in Estimating Prevalence
 
Beyond Prevalence: Identifying Risk Factors for Disease
 
Risk Ratios
 
The Odds-Ratio
 
Establishing Causality
 
Case-Control Studies
 
Cohort Studies
 
Experimental Designs
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART SIX: INTRODUCTION TO DATA SCREENING AND CLEANING
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Minimising Problems at the Design Stage
 
Entering Data into Databases/Statistical Packages
 
The Dirty Dataset
 
Accuracy
 
Using Descriptive Statistics to Help Identify Errors
 
Missing Data
 
Spotting Missing Data
 
Normality
 
Screening Groups Separately
 
Reporting Data Screning and Cleaning Procedures
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART SEVEN: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO GROUPS
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Conceptual Description of the t-Tests
 
Generalising to the Population
 
Independent Groups t-Test in SPSS
 
Cohen's d
 
Paired t-Test in SPSS
 
Two-Sample z-Test
 
Non-Parametric Tests
 
Mann-Whitney: for Independent Groups
 
Mann-Whitney Test in SPSS
 
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: For Repeated Measures
 
Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test in SPSS
 
Adjusting for Multiple Tests
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART EIGHT: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THREE OR MORE CONDITIONS
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Conceptual Description of the (Parametric) ANOVA
 
One-Way ANOVA
 
One-way ANOVA in SPSS
 
ANOVA Models for Repeated-Measures Designs
 
Repeated Measures ANOVA in SPSS
 
Non-parametric Equivalents
 
The Kruskal-Wallis Test
 
Kruskal-Wallis and the Median Test in SPSS
 
The Median Test
 
Friedman's ANOVA for Repeated Measures
 
Friedman's ANOVA in SPSS
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART NINE: TESTING ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Rationale of Contingency Table Analysis
 
Running the Analysis in SPSS
 
Measuring Effect Size in Contingency Table Analysis
 
Larger Contingency Tables
 
Contingency Table Analysis Assumptions
 
The X2 Goodness of Fit Test
 
Running the X2 Goodness of Fit Test Using SPSS
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART TEN: MEASURING AGREEMENT: CORRELATIONAL TECHNIQUES
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Bivariate Relationships
 
Perfect Correlations
 
Calculating the Correlation Pearson's R Using SPSS.
 
How to obtain Scatterplots
 
Variance Explanation of R
 
Obtaining Correlational Analysis in SPSS: Exercise
 
Partial Correlations
 
Shared and Unique Variance: Conceptual Understanding Relating to Partial Corrections
 
Spearman's Rho
 
Other uses for Correlational Techniques
 
Reliability of Measures
 
Internal Consistency
 
Inter Rater Reliability
 
Validity
 
Percentage Agreement
 
Cohen's Kappa
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART 11: LINEAR REGRESSION
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Linear Regression in SPSS
 
Obtaining teh Scatterplot with Regression Line and Confidence Intervals in SPSS
 
Assumptions Underlying Linear Regression
 
Dealing with Outliers
 
What happens if the Correlation Between X and Y is Near Zero?
 
Using Regression to Predict Missing Data in SPSS
 
Prediction of Missing Scores on Cognitive Failures in SPSS
 
Summary
 
Multiple-Choice Questions
 
PART TWELVE: STANDARD MULTIPLE REGRESSION
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Multiple Regression in SPSS
 
Variables in the Equation
 
The Regression Equation
 
Predicting an Individual's Score
 
Hypothesis Testing
 
Other Types of Multiple Regression
 
Hierarchical Multiple Regression
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART THIRTEEN: LOGISTIC REGRESSION
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
The Conceptual Basis of Logistic Regression
 
Writing up the Result
 
Logistic Regression with Multiple Predictor Variables
 
Logistic Regression with Categorical Predictors
 
Categorical Predictors with Three or More Levels
 
Summary
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
Interventions and Analysis of Change
 
Overview
 
Interventions
 
How do we Know Whether Interventions are Effective?
 
Randomised Control Trials (RCTs)
 
Designing an RCT: CONSORT
 
The CONSORT Flow Chart
 
Important Features of an RCT
 
Blinding
 
Analysis of RCTs
 
Running an ANCOVA in SPSS
 
McNemar's Test of Change
 
Running McNemar's Test in SPSS
 
The Sign Test
 
Running the Sign Test using SPSS
 
Intention to Treat Analysis
 
Crossover Designs
 
Single Case Designs (N= 1)
 
Generating Single Case Design Graphs Using SPSS
 
Summary
 
SPSS Exercise
 
Multiple Choice Questions
 
PART FIFTEEN: SURVIVAL ANALYSIS: AN INTRODUCTION
 
Overview
 
Introduction
 
Survival Curves
 
The Kaplan-Meier Survival Function
 
Kaplan-Meier Survival Analyses in SPSS
 
Comparing Two Survival Curves - the Mantel-Cox test
 
Mantel-Cox using SPSS
 
Hazard
 
Hazard Curves
 
Hazard Functions in SPSS
 
Writing up a Survival Analysis
 
Summary
 
SPSS Exercise
 
Multiple Choice Questions

'Statistics for the Health Sciences engagingly presents the key analytic issues that students and professionals need to understand in the most accessible and vivid way possible. Full of real examples and practical exercises, the book successfully avoids getting bogged down with complex maths and formulae' -
Dennis Howitt at Loughborough University

The chapter overviews, absence of statistical formulae and use of appropriate examples and student exercises make this a very 'hands on' and practical text' -

Merryl E Harvey, Birmingham City University


Hi thank you fo rthe reminder! I had forgotten to review this book and have just done so. At first glance I thought it a bit wordy but then when I had a good look I realised it had alot of useful material and the spss information was very good. I am starting the lectures tomorrow with my second years and I will now recommend this book to them as one they should have on their shelf as a very useful reference for the course and for their future practice.

Catherine Comiskey
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin
drupal

This is a very basic statistics book suitable for undergraduates and beginners. As I am teaching mainly postgraduate, I use this book as supplementary reading for candidates who are relatively new and weak in statistics in medicine.

Dr Anselm Su
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya
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This is an excellent textbook and clearly laid out. The chapters cover relevant discriptive and inferential statistics, but unlike other texts, directly link to the statistical packages related to these and show students how to go through the tests in a step by step fashion. I will be recommending it to my reserach students and colleagues

Dr Ciara O'Toole
Speech and Hearing Sciences, University College Cork (NUI)
drupal

This book is excellent and provides clear and informative feedback, that makes a difficult subject simple

Dr Gemma Milligan
Dept of Sport & Exercise Science, Portsmouth University
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Excellent as a supplemental text for behavioral sciences but due to the need for sociological examples not 100 % suitable as an essential book for sociologists.

Dr Gerhard Majce
Department of Sociology, University of Vienna
drupal

It is a suitable course material for our students taht will take the biostatistics course and for me prepare course material

Dr Imran Goker
Biomedical Engineering, Arel University
drupal

I really liked this text. I have used a lot of statistics textbooks but this one stands out as being very well designed. Firstly it is health based which suits my groups of students, covering things like testing interventions and survival analysis. Secondly it is not overly focussed on how to do stuff in SPSS or Excel as many texts are. Rather it explains the statistics and why different approaches are used and only afterwards shows students how to use SPSS to do the analysis. The screenshots and explanations for SPSS are very clear, particularly those that explain the complex output that SPSS generates and which many students find intimidating. The exercises are good - not too long or over complex and use of self study test questions at the end of each chapter will be helpful for students. It is quite detailed so will take students a long way, although some might be put off by that. Overall a great addition that I will be using in my Reserach Methods modules.

Dr Ivan Gee
Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University
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It provides key Statistical concepts that my students need to succed in their Boistatistics class. They like the non-mathematical approach to explain statistics.

Dr Jean Amost Cadet
Nursing, Andrews University-Michigan
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This is a fantastic book for readers who have little background in Mathematicss to undertsand the use of statistics in Research. A very good read for all, especially beginners.

Dr Jennifer Loke
Department of Nursing & Midwifery, Hull University
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Sample Materials & Chapters

Chapter 1